Adapalene

Adapalene is a synthetic retinoid—a derivative of vitamin A—developed specifically for topical skincare. Unlike some natural retinoids, it is engineered to bind selectively to retinoid receptors in the skin, which theoretically allows for efficacy with potentially fewer side effects than older retinoid formulations.

The ingredient works by influencing how skin cells behave, normalising cell turnover and reducing the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads). It is commonly used in acne treatments and is increasingly explored for its effects on skin texture and photoageing.

Adapalene binds to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in skin cells. This binding influences gene expression, encouraging skin cells to turnover more efficiently and reducing the formation of keratin plugs that lead to comedones. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, which helps calm active acne.

The mechanism is similar to other retinoids but adapalene's selectivity for certain receptor subtypes may contribute to a potentially gentler profile, though individual responses vary considerably. Results typically develop gradually over weeks to months of consistent use.

Begin with the lowest concentration (typically 0.1%) and use two to three times per week, gradually increasing frequency as tolerance builds. Always apply to clean, dry skin and follow with a fragrance-free moisturiser. Sunscreen is essential daily, as retinoids increase UV sensitivity. Avoid using adapalene alongside other potentially irritating actives (such as vitamin C or acids) until your skin has adapted. Results take 6–12 weeks to become apparent.